Optimal Brain Development in Children: What Every Parent Needs to Know

Your Child's Brain is Still Building

Your child's brain isn't finished developing. In fact, it won't reach full maturity until their mid-20s. From birth through age 18, your child's brain is building neural pathways, forming connections, and developing the architecture that will influence how they think, learn, regulate emotions, and navigate the world for life.

This isn't a passive process. Everything your child experiences—what they eat, how they sleep, how their nervous system learns to calm itself, whether they move their body, what infections they encounter, even the air they breathe—literally shapes their developing brain.

The question isn't whether your child's brain is developing. The question is: are they getting the support they need to develop optimally?

The Foundation: Critical Nutrients for Growing Brains

Your child's brain is metabolically demanding. It uses about 20% of your body's energy despite being only 2% of body weight. During periods of rapid growth—infancy, early childhood, and adolescence—the nutritional demands for optimal brain development increase significantly.

Iron: Fuelling Brain Energy

Iron does far more than prevent anaemia. It's essential for transporting oxygen throughout the brain and is critical for energy production in brain cells. Iron is also fundamental for attention, focus, memory formation, and mood regulation.

During childhood, iron demands increase with growth. In adolescence, particularly for menstruating females, iron losses accelerate. Many children develop subtle iron deficiency that doesn't show up as clinical anaemia but still impairs cognitive function. You might notice your child struggles with focus, tires easily, or seems emotionally reactive—sometimes iron status is the missing piece.

Interestingly, low iron also disrupts sleep. Iron is necessary for producing melatonin (the sleep hormone) and for regulating neurotransmitters involved in sleep-wake cycles. A child with suboptimal iron status may experience restless sleep, difficulty falling asleep, or frequent night wakings—even though the connection to iron isn't obvious. They might appear hyperactive or restless during the day, with that energy actually reflecting their body's struggle to function optimally on insufficient oxygen delivery to the brain. Iron supplementation or dietary improvement sometimes resolves both sleep disturbances and daytime restlessness surprisingly quickly.

Choline: Building Brain Structure

Choline is a nutrient many parents have never heard of, yet it's absolutely critical for brain development. It's essential for acetylcholine production—a neurotransmitter fundamental for learning, memory, and attention.

Beyond neurotransmitter function, choline is a structural component of brain cell membranes and supports myelin formation (the insulation around nerve fibres that enables efficient brain signalling). During pregnancy and early childhood, adequate choline supports optimal brain architecture. Throughout childhood and adolescence, it continues to support learning capacity and cognitive performance.

Choline is found primarily in eggs, meat, and fish—making it another nutrient where plant-based diets require intentional planning.

DHA (Omega-3 Fatty Acid): Brain's Building Block

DHA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid and a structural component of brain cell membranes. It's particularly concentrated in the brain and is essential for optimal brain development, synaptic plasticity (the brain's ability to form new connections), visual development, and mood regulation.

DHA supports learning capacity, attention, and emotional resilience. Children with adequate DHA status show better focus, improved mood stability, and better learning outcomes. Low DHA status correlates with attention difficulties, mood challenges, and slower learning.

The body can convert plant-based omega-3s (ALA) into DHA, but this conversion is inefficient—particularly in children. DHA from animal sources (fatty fish) or algae-based supplements is more bioavailable. For children eating plant-based diets, direct DHA supplementation is often necessary.

Zinc: Supporting Growth and Immunity

Zinc is involved in virtually every aspect of growth and development. It's essential for protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, and wound healing—all critical during childhood growth spurts.

Beyond physical growth, zinc is crucial for brain function. It's involved in neurotransmitter metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and learning. Zinc deficiency impairs immune function (making children more vulnerable to infections), slows growth, and impairs cognitive development.

Plant-based zinc sources contain compounds that inhibit absorption, making bioavailability lower than from animal sources. Children on plant-based diets may have adequate zinc intake on paper but suboptimal actual absorption.

The Gut-Brain Connection: Your Child's Second Brain

Your child's gut is often called the "second brain," and for good reason. The gut microbiome—the trillions of bacteria living in the digestive system—directly influences brain development and function through multiple pathways.

How the Gut Influences the Brain

The gut produces neurotransmitters. About 90% of your child's serotonin (the mood and resilience neurotransmitter) is produced in the gut, not the brain. The gut also produces GABA and other neurotransmitters crucial for calm, focus, and emotional regulation. A dysbiotic gut (an imbalanced microbiome) impairs neurotransmitter production, directly affecting mood, anxiety levels, and emotional resilience.

The gut also communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve—the main communication highway between gut and brain. A healthy, balanced microbiome supports optimal vagal tone, enabling better nervous system regulation and emotional processing. A compromised microbiome contributes to nervous system dysregulation.

Beyond neurotransmitters, the microbiome influences intestinal barrier integrity. When the gut barrier is compromised (often called "leaky gut"), bacterial toxins and undigested food particles can cross into the bloodstream, triggering immune activation and inflammation. This systemic inflammation reaches the brain, contributing to brain fog, mood changes, attention difficulties, and behavioural challenges.

What Disrupts Healthy Gut Development

Your child's microbiome begins developing at birth and continues evolving through childhood. Several factors shape this development—some supportively, others harmfully.

Antibiotics are life-saving when truly needed, but unnecessary or repeated antibiotic use disrupts the developing microbiome, removing beneficial bacteria and allowing pathogenic species to flourish. A child who's had multiple courses of antibiotics may have a significantly altered microbiome affecting their brain function and immune capacity.

Highly processed foods—particularly those high in sugar and refined carbohydrates—feed pathogenic bacteria while starving beneficial species. A diet heavy in processed foods, low in fibre and whole foods, creates dysbiosis.

Food sensitivities and allergies trigger immune activation in the gut, perpetuating inflammation and dysbiosis. A child with unidentified food sensitivities may have chronic low-grade gut inflammation affecting their brain function.

Infections—whether bacterial, viral, or parasitic—can alter microbiome composition. Post-infection dysbiosis is common and can persist, affecting brain function long after the acute infection has resolved.

Supporting Optimal Gut Development

A healthy microbiome supports brain development. This means diverse whole foods (vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains), adequate fibre, minimal processed foods, and addressing underlying infections or food sensitivities.

For some children, particularly those with a history of repeated antibiotics or digestive symptoms, specific probiotic support or dietary modifications may be necessary to restore microbiome balance and, consequently, support optimal brain function.

The gut-brain connection is bidirectional: a dysbiotic gut impairs brain function, and a dysregulated nervous system impairs gut function. Addressing gut health is foundational brain support.

The Essential Piece: Sleep and Brain Development

Sleep isn't a luxury. During sleep, your child's brain consolidates memories, clears metabolic waste, restores neurotransmitter balance, and processes emotions. Poor sleep fundamentally impairs every aspect of brain function—learning, memory, emotional regulation, immune function, and growth.

During childhood, sleep needs are substantial. Newborns need 16-17 hours, toddlers 11-14 hours, school-age children 9-12 hours, and adolescents 8-10 hours. These aren't arbitrary numbers—they reflect the brain's developmental demands.

Yet many children chronically sleep insufficient hours. Screens before bed, inconsistent bedtimes, anxiety, sleep disorders, or unstable nervous systems disrupt sleep quality and duration. The cognitive impact compounds over time.

A child sleeping 7 hours when they need 10 isn't just tired. Their brain is under metabolic stress. Learning slows, emotional regulation becomes fragile, immune function weakens, and growth can be impaired.

Supporting optimal sleep means addressing sleep hygiene (consistent bedtimes, dim lighting, minimal screens), calming the nervous system before bed, and investigating underlying causes of sleep disruption—whether sensory sensitivities, anxiety, or other factors.

The Often-Overlooked Factor: Nervous System Regulation

Your child's developing nervous system is learning how to regulate itself—how to activate when needed and calm when appropriate. A dysregulated nervous system perpetuates a state of chronic low-grade activation that makes learning, emotional regulation, and growth more difficult.

Nasal Breathing: A Simple but Powerful Tool

Many children breathe through their mouths. This habit has profound consequences. Nasal breathing activates the parasympathetic nervous system—the calming branch—through specialised receptors in the nasal passages. Mouth breathing keeps children in sympathetic activation (the stressed state).

Mouth breathing also affects facial development, sleep quality, oxygenation, and immune function. A child who shifts from mouth breathing to nasal breathing often shows improved focus, better sleep, improved emotional regulation, and even better facial development.

Teaching your child to breathe through their nose—during the day and especially before sleep—is simple and profoundly effective nervous system support.

Movement and Exercise: Regulation Through the Body

Movement is one of the most powerful nervous system regulators available. Exercise reduces stress hormones, increases endorphins, improves sleep quality, and supports emotional resilience.

Children need varied movement—not just organised sports, but free play, climbing, running, dancing, and unstructured physical activity. Movement helps children process emotions, discharge stress, and develop body awareness. A child who moves regularly has a more regulated nervous system, better emotional control, and improved learning capacity.

Creating Safety and Connection

A child's nervous system learns regulation through relationships. When a child feels safe, connected, and understood, their nervous system learns to regulate more easily. Chronic stress, unstable relationships, or an environment where the child feels unsafe keeps their nervous system in activation.

Creating predictability, maintaining connection, and helping your child feel genuinely safe—even amidst normal childhood challenges—is foundational nervous system support.

Environmental Stressors on the Developing Brain

Beyond nutrition and lifestyle, several environmental factors can significantly impact your child's developing brain.

Chronic Infections: The Subtle Impact

Some infections, particularly viral infections that the body doesn't completely clear, can have ongoing effects on brain function. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one example. While many children are exposed to EBV without obvious symptoms, in some children chronic EBV reactivation contributes to fatigue, cognitive difficulties, mood changes, and immune dysregulation.

A child struggling with persistent brain fog, fatigue, or emotional changes despite adequate sleep and nutrition might benefit from investigating chronic viral status.

Acute Infections and Neuropsychiatric Changes

In rare cases, certain acute infections can trigger rapid neuropsychiatric changes. PANS (Paediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) and PANDAS (Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections) are conditions where acute infections trigger immune responses affecting brain function, resulting in sudden onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, tics, anxiety, or personality changes.

If your child experiences sudden, significant neuropsychiatric changes following an infection, this is worth investigating with a knowledgeable practitioner.

Mould Exposure: The Hidden Stressor

Mould exposure, whether in the home or school environment, can trigger immune activation and neurological symptoms in sensitive individuals. Mould toxins can cross the blood-brain barrier, directly affecting brain function. Children exposed to mould may experience brain fog, mood changes, attention difficulties, or fatigue.

If your child has unexplained cognitive or mood symptoms and mould exposure is suspected, investigating and addressing mould in their environment is important.

Digital Environment

What your child reads, watches, and experiences online shapes their developing brain. Excessive screen time, exposure to distressing content, or engagement with platforms designed to trigger anxiety all affect brain development. This isn't about demonising technology—it's about recognising that your child's developing brain is shaped by their environment, including their digital environment.

Mindful media consumption, age-appropriate content, and reasonable screen boundaries support optimal brain development.

Putting It Together: A Holistic Picture

Your child's brain doesn't develop in isolation. It develops within the context of nutrition, sleep, nervous system regulation, physical activity, emotional connection, and environmental exposures.

A child might have adequate iron intake, but if they're chronically sleep-deprived, their brain remains under metabolic stress. A child might exercise regularly, but if they're exposed to mould, their immune system is chronically activated. A child might have good nutrition, but if their nervous system is dysregulated, learning and emotional regulation are compromised.

Optimal brain development requires addressing the whole picture.

Understanding Your Child's Unique Picture

Every child's brain develops differently. Some children thrive with basic nutrition and lifestyle support. Others have underlying challenges—nutritional deficiencies, sleep disorders, nervous system dysregulation, or environmental exposures—that require targeted investigation and support.

The question isn't whether your child fits a standard profile. The question is: what does your unique child need to develop optimally?

Functional assessment—investigating your child's nutritional status, immune function, nervous system regulation, and environmental exposures—reveals what's actually happening beneath the surface. From there, personalised support can be built.

Supporting Your Child's Brain Journey

Your child's developing brain is one of your greatest investments. It deserves to be understood, supported, and optimised.

At Pomona Holistic Health, we specialise in understanding the whole picture of your child's development—not just whether they're "normal," but whether they're thriving. We investigate root causes of learning, behavioural, or developmental concerns and build personalised, evidence-based support tailored to your child's unique needs.

Your child's innate wisdom is already there. Sometimes their developing brain just needs the right conditions to express itself optimally.

Ready to Explore Your Child's Unique Picture?

If you're concerned about your child's learning, focus, emotional regulation, or development, starting with comprehensive functional assessment gives you clarity on what's actually happening in their system.

From there, we can build a personalised support plan addressing your child's specific needs and removing obstacles to optimal brain development.

At Pomona Holistic Health, we work in partnership with families to support children's health journeys through every stage of development.

Would you like to explore your child's unique developmental picture? Book an initial consultation to discuss your specific concerns and determine which assessment and support strategies would serve your child best.

Pomona Holistic Health | Sunshine Coast, Queensland

Supporting your child's health journey and optimal development

Menopause Brain: What It Is, Why It Happens, and How to Reclaim Your Mental Clarity

The Fog Nobody Warned Me About

Three years into menopause, I would regularly find myself standing in the kitchen staring at an open pantry with absolutely no memory of what I'd come to get. My keys disappeared regularly and I’d feel anxious about whether I’d remember my PIN when paying for groceries. My once-sharp brain - the one that prided itself on remembering everything, suddenly felt like I was trying to think through cotton wool. I was experiencing something many women face but few openly discuss, a condition that I have come to refer to as "‘Menopause Brain’.

If you've picked up this article, you likely recognise that feeling. The frustration of searching for words mid-sentence. The anxiety about walking into a room and forgetting why. The creeping self-doubt when you can't retain information the way you used to. You might be wondering if this is just normal ageing, or if something else is happening to your mind.

The truth? Your brain and nervous system are responding to significant changes happening in your body. And the good news is that you can do something about it.

What Is Menopause Brain?

"Menopause brain" isn't a medical diagnosis you'll find in textbooks. It's the collective term for the cognitive and mental changes many women experience around perimenopause and menopause- a constellation of symptoms that feels very real even when conventional medicine sometimes dismisses it as "just hormones."

The reality is more nuanced. Your brain isn't "broken." Instead, it's under significant metabolic stress due to hormonal, neurochemical, and systemic changes happening across multiple systems in your body simultaneously.

What's Really Happening: The Root Causes

Hormonal Transition and Brain Chemistry

The most obvious culprit is the dramatic shift in oestrogen and progesterone. But here's what's fascinating, these aren't just reproductive hormones. They're powerful neuromodulators and they directly influence how your brain functions.

Oestrogen helps regulate dopamine and serotonin, neurotransmitters crucial for mood, motivation, focus, and memory. Progesterone is profoundly calming, supporting GABA receptors that help your nervous system downregulate. When both decline significantly, your brain chemistry shifts in ways that can affect every aspect of cognition.

Sleep Disruption: The Compounding Problem

Here's where it gets complicated. Progesterone is a powerful sleep promoter. As it declines, sleep becomes fragmented or elusive. And nothing erodes cognitive function faster than poor sleep. Your brain needs deep, restorative sleep to clear metabolic waste, consolidate memories, and restore neurotransmitter balance.

Many women experience night sweats, insomnia, or that frustrating pattern of waking at 3 am unable to return to sleep. And the cognitive impact is profound and far reaching, impacting work and family relationships. Chronically disrupted sleep makes you tired, cranky and brittle.

Nutritional Demands Increase

During menopause, your brain's nutritional requirements actually increase. Your nervous system becomes more sensitive, requiring greater support from B vitamins (especially B1, B6, B12, and folate), magnesium, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants.

Many women entering this phase have existing micronutrient deficiencies - iron depletion from decades of menstruation, suboptimal B12 status, or insufficient magnesium. Add hormonal changes on top of this foundation and cognitive function suffers noticeably.

Immune System Recalibration

The decline in oestrogen and progesterone triggers immune system changes. For some women, this leads to increased inflammation throughout the body - including in the brain. In others, this transition can unmask or trigger autoimmune conditions, particularly affecting the thyroid.

Systemic inflammation and autoimmune thyroiditis both impair cognition significantly. Brain fog becomes thicker when inflammation is driving the process.

A Nervous System in Constant Stress Response

All these changes - hormonal, metabolic, immunological - collectively signal stress to your nervous system. Your body interprets the shift as a threat, keeping you in a subtle but persistent activation state.

A nervous system stuck in sympathetic dominance (the stressed state) cannot access optimal cognition. Clear thinking requires a regulated, calm nervous system. When you're chronically low-grade activated, your brain prioritises survival over learning, memory consolidation, or complex problem-solving.

Recognising Menopause Brain: Common Symptoms

You might experience some or all of these:

Cognitive Symptoms:

• Brain fog or mental cloudiness ("fuzzy thinking")

• Difficulty concentrating or maintaining focus

• Reduced ability to learn and retain new information

• Memory lapses (particularly short-term memory)

• Slower processing speed

• Difficulty with complex multi-tasking

• Word-finding difficulties ("tip of the tongue" moments)

• Reduced mental endurance (feeling mentally exhausted sooner)

Emotional and Neurological Symptoms:

• Increased irritability or "crankiness"

• Emotional reactivity (getting flustered more easily)

• Reduced emotional resilience

• Anxiety or racing thoughts, particularly at night

• Reduced confidence in your abilities

• Mood changes unrelated to life circumstances

• Feeling overwhelmed by tasks you previously handled easily

These symptoms cluster together because they share common neurobiological roots.

Why You Shouldn't Ignore It

Dismissing menopause brain as inevitable and untreatable doesn't make it go away. In fact, chronic cognitive stress can compound over time.

When you're experiencing cognitive symptoms and don't address them, several things happen:

Your brain remains under metabolic stress, potentially accelerating normal cognitive decline beyond what you'd otherwise expect during ageing.

Stress hormones remain elevated, which perpetuates the nervous system activation that prevents cognitive recovery.

The gap between "who you were" and "who you are now" can create anxiety and lowered self-esteem, adding psychological stress on top of the physiological challenge.

Many of the changes during menopause are dynamic and responsive to support - catch them early, and recovery is often quicker.

The positive reframe: your brain is giving you valuable information. Brain fog, cognitive changes and emotional shifts aren't your brain failing you. They're signals that your system needs different support during this transition.

Investigating the Underlying Picture: Testing to Consider

A functional approach to menopause brain looks beyond generic hormone testing. We want to understand what's actually driving your specific cognitive symptoms.

Blood Work: Foundational Assessment

Iron Studies Iron is crucial for oxygen transport and mitochondrial function in the brain. Depleted iron impairs memory, concentration, and mental energy. We look at ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and transferrin saturation - not just whether you're anaemic, but whether you have optimal iron status.

Thyroid Panel (Including Antibodies) Thyroid function directly impacts metabolism and cognitive function. But many women develop autoimmune thyroiditis around menopause - when antibodies attack the thyroid, cognitive symptoms worsen significantly. Test: TSH, free T3, free T4, TPO antibodies, and thyroglobulin antibodies.

Inflammatory Markers Systemic inflammation contributes directly to brain fog and cognitive decline. We test high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and sometimes other inflammatory markers to understand whether inflammation is a significant factor.

Blood Glucose and Insulin Metabolism Unstable blood sugar and insulin resistance both impair cognition. Test: fasting glucose, HbA1C (showing 3-month average glucose) and fasting insulin. This tells us whether metabolic stress is contributing.

Homocysteine Elevated homocysteine is associated with cognitive decline and dementia risk. It's a marker of B vitamin status (B6, B12, folate) and methylation capacity. High homocysteine suggests your brain isn't getting adequate nutritional support.

Omega-3 Index Omega-3 fatty acids are structural components of brain cell membranes and profoundly important for cognition. Low omega-3 status correlates with cognitive decline and mood changes. This test shows your tissue levels of EPA and DHA.

Vitamin B12 B12 deficiency impairs cognition, memory, and mood. Standard serum B12 can miss deficiency, so consider active B12, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine alongside it.

Advanced Genetic and Metabolic Testing

Methylation Genes (MTHFR, COMT, MAO) These genes affect how efficiently your body processes and eliminates hormones, neurotransmitters, and toxins. Some variations make women more sensitive to hormonal shifts and less efficient at producing the neurotransmitters needed for cognition.

Histamine Metabolism (DAO, HNMT) Some women develop mast cell activation or histamine sensitivity around menopause. High histamine impairs cognition, triggers anxiety, and worsens brain fog. Testing histamine-metabolising genes and serum histamine levels helps clarify this.

Stress Hormone Metabolism Comprehensive cortisol patterns (morning, noon, evening, night) and DHEA levels show how your HPA axis is functioning. A dysregulated stress response perpetuates the nervous system activation driving cognitive symptoms.

Detoxification and Antioxidant Capacity Your phase 1 and phase 2 detoxification capacity affects how efficiently you clear hormones and inflammatory compounds. Antioxidant status reflects your capacity to manage oxidative stress in the brain.

Circulation and Nitric Oxide Genes (NOS genes) Blood flow to the brain is essential for cognition. NOS gene variations affect nitric oxide production and vasodilation. Understanding your vascular capacity helps personalise cardiovascular support.

Functional and Micronutrient Assessment

Organic Acid Testing This urine-based test reveals micronutrient status (B vitamins, carnitine), mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter metabolism and detoxification capacity. It's comprehensive and often reveals multiple contributing factors.

Exploring Other Contributing Factors

Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) Some women's immune systems become increasingly reactive during menopause. MCAS causes inflammation, histamine release, and significant cognitive symptoms. Consider this if you have widespread symptoms alongside brain fog.

Chronic Post-Viral Conditions If your cognitive symptoms emerged or worsened after a viral infection (including COVID-19), post-viral sequelae may be a factor. Long COVID commonly presents with cognitive impairment and requires specific support strategies.

Environmental Exposures Mould exposure, heavy metal burden, or chronic exposure to other toxins can contribute to cognitive decline. If exposure is suspected, specific testing may be warranted.

The Way Forward

Understanding what's driving your menopause brain is the essential first step. Once you know whether you're dealing with primarily hormonal shifts, nutritional deficiencies, inflammation, immune dysregulation, or a combination, you can implement targeted support.

The journey from "Is this normal?" and "Will I ever get my mind back?" to reclaiming mental clarity is absolutely possible. Your brain has remarkable neuroplasticity. Given the right support- nutritionally, hormonally, and systemically - many women experience significant cognitive improvement.

In the next section, we'll explore practical, evidence-based strategies you can implement immediately, alongside more targeted interventions based on what testing reveals.

Your body's innate wisdom is still there. Sometimes it just needs the right conditions to express itself.

Ready to Explore Your Unique Picture?

If menopause brain is affecting your quality of life, starting with comprehensive functional testing gives you clarity on what's actually happening in your system. From there, we can build a personalised protocol addressing your specific drivers.

At Pomona Holistic Health, we specialise in uncovering the root causes of cognitive changes during midlife transitions and building evidence-based natural healthcare strategies tailored to your individual needs.

Would you like to explore your menopause brain in depth?

Book an initial consultation to discuss your unique situation and determine which testing and support strategies would serve you best.

Pomona Holistic Health | Sunshine Coast, Queensland

Supporting your health journey through life's transitions